Thermal expansion, porosity, and microhardness properties of solid oxide fuel cell metallic interconnects manufactured by powder metallurgy approach
Abstract
The effects of manufacturing parameters on the physical, thermal and mechanical properties of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) metallic interconnects manufactured through the powder metallurgy (P/M) method were investigated. To this goal, interconnect samples were first fabricated through the P/M technique using Nickel, Stainless steel 316L, Inconel 600, SUS 445J1, 1C44Mo20, and Crofer®22 APU powders. Varied manufacturing parameters (compaction pressure, compaction temperature, and sintering temperature) were adopted to obtain sound samples. For characterization purposes, porosity, microhardness, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurements were performed on the samples. Results showed that the porosity and CTE values of samples decreased with the increasing compaction pressure and temperature as well as sintering temperature while microhardness values increased. It was concluded that only the Crofer®22 APU powders satisfied the coefficient of thermal expansion requirement for SOFCs suggested in the literature.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
J. J. A. Flores, M. L. Á. Rodríguez, G. A. Espinosa, J. V. A. Vera, “Advances in the development of titanates for anodes in SOFC,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, pp. 12529-12542, 2019.
Z. Yu, J. Han, X. Cao, W. Chen, B. Zhang, “Analysis of total energy system based on solid oxide fuel cell for combined cooling and power applications,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, pp. 2703-2707, 2010.
H. Choudhury, A. A. Chandra, “Application of solid oxide fuel cell technology for power generation - A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 20, pp. 430-442, 2013.
J. Fergus, “Metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells,” Material Science & Engineering A, vol. 397, pp. 271- 283, 2005.
W. Guan, G. Wang, X.D. Zhou, “Mechanism of the cathode current collector on cell performance in a solid oxide fuel cell stack: Short communication,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 351, pp. 169-173, 2017.
S. Swaminathan, Y.S. Ko, Y-S. Lee, D-I. Kim, “Oxidation behaviour and area specific resistance of La, Cu and B alloyed Fe-22Cr ferritic steels for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 369, pp. 13-26, 2017.
J. C. W. Mah, A. Muchtar, M. R. Somalu, M. J. Ghazali, “Metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cell: A review on protective coating and deposition techniques,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, pp. 9219-9229, 2017.
D. Rubio, C. Suciu, I. Waernhus, A. Vik, A.C. Hoffman, “Tape casting of lanthanum chromite for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects,” Journal of Material Processing Technology, vol. 250, pp. 270-279, 2017.
F. Tietz, H.-P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, “Components manufacturing for solid oxide fuel cells,” Solid State Ionics, vol.152, pp. 373-381, 2002.
J. A. Scott, D. C. Dunand, “Processing and mechanical properties of porous Fe-26Cr-1Mo for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects,” Acta Materialia, vol. 58, pp. 6125-6133, 2010.
A. Venskutonis, W. Glatz, G. Kunschert, “P/M processing of ODS Cr- and FeCr-based alloys for solid oxide fuel cell applications,” in International Symposium on SOFC IX, vol 2, 2005. pp. 534-544.
H. Herchen, C. Karuppaiah, T. Armstrong, “Method of making fuel cell interconnect using powder metallurgy,” United States Patent App. Public, 2013, US 2013/0129557 A1.
D. N. Brodnikovskii, N.I. Lugovoi, N.P. Brodnikovskii, V.N. Slyunyaev, N.N. Kuzmenko, A.D. Vasil’ev, S.A. Firstov, “Powder metallurgy production of Ti-5.4 wt.% Si alloy. II. Structure and strength of the sintered material,” Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, vol. 52, pp. 539-544, 2014.
A. Venskutonis, M. Brander, W. Kraussler, L.S. Sigl, “High volume fabrication of Ready-to-stack components for planar SOFC concepts,” ECS Transactions, 25(2), pp. 1353-1359, 2009.
T. Franco, M. Brandner, M. Rüttinger, G. Kunschert, A. Venskutonis, L.S. Sigl, “Recent development aspects of metal supported thin-film SOFC,” ECS Transactions, 25(2), pp. 681-688, 2009.
M. Haydn, K. Ortner, T. Franco, N. H. Menzler, A. Venskutonis, L. S. Sigl, “Development of metal supported solid oxide fuel cells based on powder metallurgical manufacturing route,” Powder Metallurgy, 56(5), pp. 382-387, 2013.
W. Glatz, E. Batawi, M. Janousek, W. Kraussler, R. Zach, G. Zobl, “A new low cost mass production route for metallic SOFC-interconnectors,” Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VI. The Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series PV. 99-19 (S.C.Singhal, M.Dokiya, Editors). Pennington NJ, 1999.
W. Glatz, M. Janousek, E. Batawi, K. Honegger, “Cost efficient industrial manufacturing routes for intermediate and high temperature SOFC interconnects,” Proceedings of 4th European SOFC Forum. 2 (A.J.McEvoy, Ed.) Lucerne/Switzerland, 2000.
W. Glatz, G. Kunschert, M. Janousek, “Powder metallurgical processing and properties of high-performance metallic SOFC interconnect materials,” Proceedings of 6th European SOFC Forum, 3. (M. Mogensen, Ed.) Lucerne/Switzerland, 2004.
W. Köck, H.P. Martinz, H. Greiner, M. Janousek, “Development and processing of metallic cr based materials for SOFC parts,” Solid Oxide Fuel Cells IV, The Electrochemical Society (M.Dokiya, O.Yamamoto, H.Tagawa and S.C.Singhal, Editors) Proceedings Series PV 95-1, 1995.
M. Janousek, W. Köck, M. Baumgärtner, H. Greiner, “Development and processing of chromium based alloys for structural parts in solid oxide fuel cells,” Solid Oxide Fuel Cells V, The Electrochemical (U.Stimming, S.C.Singhal, H.Tagawa and W.Lehnert, Editors) Society Proceedings Series PV 97-18, 1997.
B. Öztürk, A. Topcu, S. Öztürk, Ö.N. Cora, “Oxidation, electrical and mechanical properties of Crofer®22 solid oxide fuel cell metallic interconnects manufactured through powder metallurgy,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, pp. 10822-10833, 2018.
A. Topcu, B. Öztürk, Ö.N. Cora, “Performance evaluation of machined and powder metallurgically fabricated Crofer®22 APU interconnects for SOFC applications,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, (2021) [Article in Press]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.036.
B. Öztürk, A. Topcu, Ö.N. Cora, “Influence of processing parameters on the porosity, thermal expansion, and oxidation behaviour of consolidated Fe22Cr stainless steel powder,” Powder Technology, vol. 382, pp. 199-207, 2021.
J. Wu, X. Liu, “Recent development of SOFC metallic interconnect,” Journal of Material Science and Technology, 26(4), pp. 293-305, 2010.
Y. Wang, W. Jiang, Y. Luo, Y. Zhang, S-T. Tu, “Evolution of thermal stress and failure probability during reduction and re-oxidation of solid oxide fuel cell,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 371, pp. 65-76, 2017.
M. E. Sotomayor, L. M. Ospina, B. Levenfeld, A. Várez, “Characterization of 430L porous supports obtained by powder extrusion moulding for their application in solid oxide fuel cells,” Materials Characterization, vol. 86, pp. 108-115, 2013.
I. Antepara, M. Rivas, I. Villarreal, N. Burgos, F. Castro, “Influence of different aspects of the SOFC anode environment on the oxidation behaviour of porous samples made of crofer,” Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 7(6), 061010, 2010.
I. Antepara, I. Villarreal, L.M. Rodriguez-Martinez, N. Lecanda, U. Castro, A. Laresgoiti, “Evaluation of ferritic steels for use as interconnects and porous metal supports in IT-SOFCs,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 151, pp. 103-107, 2005.
M. Gupta, A. A. O. Tay, K. Vaidyanathan, T. S. Srivatsan, “An investigation of the synthesis and characterization of copper samples for use in interconnect applications,” Material Science and Engineering A, vol. 454-455, pp. 690-694, 2007.
M. Y. Pan, M. Gupta, A.A.O. Tay, K. Vaidyanathan, “Development of bulk nanostructured copper with superior hardness for use as an interconnect material in electronic packaging,” Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 46, pp. 673-767, 2006.
W. Acchar, C. R. C. Sousa, S. R. H. Mello-Castanho, “Mechanical performance of LaCrO3 doped with strontium and cobalt for SOFC interconnect,” Material Science and Engineering A, vol. 550, pp. 76-79, 2012.
G. Sharma, K. Singh, “Agro-waste ash and mineral oxides derived glass-ceramics and their interconnect study with Crofer 22 APU for SOFC application,” Ceramics, vol. 45, pp. 20501-20508, 2019.
URN: https://sloi.org/urn:sl:tjoee63180
Copyright (c) 2021 Turkish Journal of Electromechanics and Energy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Indexed in:
